The Helmet of Skanderbeg

One of the most iconic pieces of armour from any era, but especially the 15th century, is the helmet of the Albanian national hero Skanderbeg. With its distinctive horned goats head it is a suitably unique piece for a one of a kind warrior. But why a goat's head?

The first thought that comes into my mind is the demon Baphomet, the deity that the Knights Templar were falsely accused of worshipping in trial transcripts for the Inquisition of the Knights Templar starting in 1307. The name had come to Europe with the returning Crusaders but rather than being the goat-demon (that image is more of a 19th century invention) the original Baphomet = Mahomet, Muhammed. A chronicler of the First Crusade, Raymond of Aguilers, called the mosques Bafumarias. The templar trials essentially accused them of having secretly turned to the enemy religion.

Of course it's entirely coincidental, but Skanderbeg of the Baphomet horns was himself at one time a Muslim.



                                        


Gjergj Kastrioti was born into the noble Castriot family. As a child he was taken as part of the Devshirme 'child tax', converted to Islam and was raised at the Ottoman court, then served the Ottoman sultan for the next twenty years, risingto become sanjakbey (governor) of the Sanjak of Dibra in 1440. In 1443, he deserted the during the Battle of Niš and became the ruler of Krujë, Svetigrad, and Modrič. He returned to the Orthodox faith of his family and in 1444, he was appointed commander of the short-lived League of Lezhë. He consolidated power throughout his homeland and thus for the first time Albania was united under a single leader. 

Inevitably the Turks did not take kindly to a turncoat. For 25 years, from 1443 to 1468, Skanderbeg's 10,000 man army held back repeated incursions into the Albanian mountains by much larger Turkish armies. 

In 1451, he recognized de jure the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Naples over Albania through the Treaty of Gaeta, to ensure a protective alliance, although he remained a de facto independent ruler. In 1460–61, he participated in Italy's civil wars in support of Ferdinand I of Naples. In 1463, he became the chief commander of the crusading forces of Pope Pius II, but the Pope died while the armies were still gathering. 

In late 1466, old and ill, he visited Rome to petition the new pontiff, Pope Paul II, for funds to continue his Ottoman resistance. He was given plenty of honours, including a sword which also survives to this day, but little hard currency (2,300 ducats). He commented bitterly that he should be fighting against the Church rather than the Ottomans and then headed south to Naples in early 1467 where his patron was only a little more generous. He returned home but died of malaria in January 1468 and with him effectively died Albania's resistance.


Returning to the iconic helmet and its horns. The best explanation I have comes from Skanderbeg's Islamic childhood. In Surah 18 verses 83-101 of the Quran, Dhul-Qarnayn, 'He of the two horns' is a heroic figure who builds a wall to hold back the monstrous giants, Gog and Magog. Is Skanderbeg's helmet a sly anti-Islamic joke in which he positions himself as Dhul-Qarnayn and implies the Muslim Turks are the giant threat to be held at bay?

Another layer to the reference is the fact that the Dhul-Qarnayn story supposedly entered the Quran from legends of Alexander the Great's exploits in the Middle east. Alexander, as depicted on his coins, wore the horns of the ram-god Zeus-Ammon. He was also (incorrectly) linked to the Sassanid walls in the Caspian Gates which held back the Scythian hordes. And if Dhul-Qarnayn, he of two-horns, is Alexander, it is an appropriate symbol for a man who chose Alexander (Skanderbeg) as his nom de guerre.

Map of Constantinople, 1453 & Finding the house of Loukas Notaras

To orientate readers of Porphyry & Ash, I took the Cristoforo Buondelmonti map of Constantinople from 1420 & rejigged the key bits onto a more accurate land shape. As you can probably tell, this was a first foray into photoshop.

(Click to enlarge)

And here is the original by the Florentine cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti

Buondelmonti was an Italian Franciscan priest and traveler who left Tuscany in 1414 and traveled across Greece. His map is the oldest surviving of Constantinople, and the only one which antedates the Ottoman conquest of the city in 1453. They were much copied (the one above is actually one of the copies, made in 1491).

In another of the Buondelmonti sketches there is a building which is clearly not a church, with a wonderful belvedere tower on one side and the notation "palatium chir Luca". Is this the house of Loukas Notaras? It fits the rough location of where it should be found.

It also fits the rough location of Eirene Kulesi, the Tower of Eirene - a name given to it by a 16th century traveler. It formed a corner of the Valide Han in the Ottoman era but its Byzantine origin is unconfirmed. Might it have been part of the Notaras family residence?